Thursday, November 28, 2019

Indus Valley Civilization an Example by

Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization was habitat to one of the greatest ancient civilizations. It was not discovered until the 1920's. The major dilemma with the study of Indus valley civilization is lack of historical data and written material about the civilization. Furthermore, the urban ruin of this civilization, Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, are located in regions where political and security turmoil do not encourage the scholars the visit the sites and study. Need essay sample on "Indus Valley Civilization" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab specialists:Who wants to write essay for me?Specialists advise: Ask Us To Write My Paper And Get Professional HelpEssay Helper Website Cheap Writing Service Reviews Best Essay Writing Service Best Student Essay Writing Company One of the major problems with studying the Indus civilization is that its script found on various tablets from Moenjo Daro and Harrapa can not be deciphered yet. David Diringer remarks in this regard that "it seems obvious that the Indus Valley script which is rather schematic and linear on the extant inscriptions was originally pictographic but it is impossible to decide whether it was truly indigenous or imported". (Diringer, p.85) It clearly manifest that decipherment of Indus valley script is intricate as it an unidentified language in an unidentified script. So socio-cultural aspects of this civilization are still known and what is understood is a guess manifested by the tablets, pottery and structural design of the cities. Additionally most of Indus civilization ruins scattered in various parts of Indian subcontinent, even its major cities, remain to be excavated. Due to lack of historical data, most of the ruins are still to be discovered. The first discovery, of Harappa ruins, was also accidental as Charles Masson considered it Sangala, capital of Raja Porus, in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and Punjab, 1826-1838, (Dani, 1997) but its true nature and significance was not realized until much later. Due to these problems, it is difficult for scholar to study Indus Valley Civilization at an intensive and extensive level. References Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a key to the history of mankind. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1996. Dani. Ahmad Hasan. Indian Palaeography. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

election of 1844 essays

election of 1844 essays How often do you think about the origin of the alcoholic beverage youre drinking? I bet not too often. But after reading this report, Im sure youll think about the beginning of wine and other alcoholic drinks every time youre partying. Dionysus (Bacchus) was the Greek god of the vines, which is where wine comes from. The name Dionysus itself means he who gives wine. He is also the god of joy, fertility, and agriculture. He has a dual nature. On one hand, he brings joy and great ecstasy. On the other hand, he brings brutal, unthinking rage. These, reflecting both sides of wine nature. Dionysus is the son of Semele and Zues. He is the only god to have a mortal parent. Zues came to Semele one night only as a divine presence. She was so pleased to be the lover of a god, even though she did not know which one. Hera became enraged when she found out about the affair. She disguised herself as Zues and convinced Semele she would see her lover as he really was. When Zues returned to Semele, she made him promise to grant her one wish. He agreed to it and even swore on the Styx River. She then asked him to show her his true form. Zues was unhappy, knowing what would happen, but having sworn, he had no choice. He appeared in his true form, and Semele instantly turned to ashes. Zues managed to rescue Dionysus and stitch him into his thigh until he was ready to be born. This birth from Zues alone confirmed immortality upon him. After Dionysus was born Hera was still in a jealous rage and ordered the Titans to kill him. They followed her orders and ripped Dionysus t o pieces. However, Rhea brought him back to life, and Zues arranged for his protection. He did this by leaving him with the Nysaean nymphs, who nourished him through infancy and childhood. They were rewarded for their care by being placed among the stars. Once Dionysus had grown into manhood, he d ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Cells homw work - genral Biology I class Assignment

The Cells homw work - genral Biology I class - Assignment Example on of that protein contains the following  sequence of  amino acids: Histidine-Lysine-Lysine-Arginine-Serine-Threonine.   This pattern repeats and varies randomly, but that section of the polypeptide only contains the amino acids listed above.   Where  would this section of amino acids in  the protein most likely be located? Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 1 M sucrose and 2 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?  Ã‚   Sodium concentrations are higher outside and glucose concentrations are higher inside the cell. Using the same membrane protein for Na+ and glucose transport, what is it called when a Na+ electrochemical gradient is used to drive glucose transport into the cell against its concentration gradient?  Ã‚   The type of transport described in the question above on Na+ and glucose first requires that  an electrochemical gradient be created.   This is accomplished by pumps which must use energy to move the sodium ions across the bilayer.   Links to Test Questions and Answers Read question 1 Read answers for question 1 Read question 2 Read answers for question 2 Read question 3 Read answers for question 3 Read question 4 Read answers for question 4 Read question 5 Read answers for question 5 Read question 6 Read answers for question 6 Read question 7 Read answers for question 7 Read question 8 Read answers for question 8 Read question 9 Read answers for question 9 Read question 10 Read answers for question 10 Read question 11 Read answers for question 11 Read question 12 Read answers for question 12 Read question 13 Read answers for question 13 Read question 14 Read answers for question 14 Read question 15 Read answers for question 15 Read question 16 Read answers for question 16 Read question 17 Read answers for question

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Report and Accounts for Tesco PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report and Accounts for Tesco PLC - Essay Example The report provided shows an insight of supermarket sector, the emphasis majorly being on the analysis of its finances, competence, resources and culture. There are two options on future strategies that are suggested regarding financial strategies.This company is amongst the biggest in the globe, vested in operations in approximately 2,318 outlets and has employed over 320,000 employees. It also offers services only via its subsidiaries. The United Kingdom is its largest market, in which it runs in four ways superstore, extra, express and metro. The firm’s own labels of products are categorized under three levels inclusive of normal, finest and value. The firm makes sales of approximately 40,000 products of food inclusive of clothing and some other lines that do not deal in food stuff. Apart from convenient products, many stores contain gas stations, making them amongst the largest independent retailers of petrol in Britain. Other services offered by Tesco include personal fin ance. The main reason for the success of Tesco is the various products they deal in, popular products and the brand preferences. Furthermore, Tesco operate online sales of product which has seen them expand internationally and get customers all over the world. There are reasons as to why Tesco is customers’ favorite store in the UK. Tesco have got a well analyzed capital structure which supports the growth of business plan with consideration of their expertise in financial system and cash management. Financial Analysis In Britain, Tesco services offered by this firm are via Tesco bank. The main products offered are inclusive of mortgages, credit cards, savings accounts, and loans. They also offer insurance services like insurance on cars, travel and life. The awareness of these services is boosted by their website and leaflets given out in their stores. Tesco generated a profit worth 130 M pounds in 2007 which rated the value of shares at 66 M pounds. The impact that this mov e created towards the sector of finance brought diversification to the brand of Tesco. It also provided for growth opportunities in the external retail sector.In 2008, announcement was made on of purchase of 50% of its shares. In the year 2009, Tesco Finance changed to a bank. Other financial service was the intent to buy Dobbies Garden. This enterprise owns 28 gardens, almost half in the UK. In 2007, the deal had been sealed by BODs of Tesco on receivership of 53% of shares meeting the conditions that were set. This led to Tesco’s shares rising to 65% and in 2008, the acquisition was fully met. Tesco commenced selling of petrol in the year 1974.The main sources of finance for Tesco plc is long term debts, retained profits, commercial paper, leases, issues and bank borrowings.By the year 2006, Tesco was rated fourth biggest retailer after Carrefour, Wal-Mart, and Home Depot. In 2007, this firm managed to jump Home Depotdue to the sale of division of Depot’s professiona l supply and fall in value of US dollar on Britain pound. Immediately behind was Metro which may also make its way ahead in case the euro becomes stronger against pound. Though, Metro has its sales inclusive of wholesale turnover in terms of billions and its turnover in regard of retail is less than that of Tesco’s.Instead of Tesco increasing its revenue by way of increasing its leverage, they take

Monday, November 18, 2019

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Sociology - Essay Example An Industrial Breakthrough: Taylorism After having worked in the steel industry and noticed a pervasive culture of purposeful inefficiency and underperformance of workers called ‘soldiering’, Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was motivated to scientifically investigate the causes and solutions to the said problem. The outcome of his investigation -- a comprehensive work which received both commendation and criticism upon its release -- was encapsulated in The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). In his unorthodoxly treatise, Taylor greatly emphasized the need to employ scientific methods in improving the occupational operations of industries to combat workers’ sloppiness and unprolificacy. He also advocated for the division and simplification of job routines and for the optimisation of specialised responsibility (Kanigel 5). In his ‘time and motion studies,’ Taylor sought to determine the fastest way to complete a specific task and the best possible way to conduct it. After several experiments, Taylor was able to propose monumental scientific management principles to maximise efficiency and profit that would also benefit not only the owners, managers and workers of a particular industry but also the whole economy. Interchangeably called Taylorism, the school of thought revolves around the belief that the scientific study of the whole gamut of occupational tasks is key in the success of the business; that the systematic selection, training and development of each worker is important in ensuring higher productivity values; and that division of work between management (planning) and workers (execution) should be implemented so that focused attention is rendered towards their respective duties (Taylor and Epley 45). To be sure, Taylorism is a management system that aims to guarantee maximum prosperity for the owner and at the same time, considerable material improvement for the worker -- higher wages, better working condit ions and higher productivity. In the words of Pugh (1997, p. 275), â€Å"maximum prosperity for the owner meant the development of all aspects of the business and the achievement of good financial results. Benefits for the worker meant offering relatively high salaries and more efficient utilization of labour, that is, the attribution of higher level tasks according to their present manual skills.† Moreover, the payment-by-result method of wage determination in Taylorism implants the bonus piecework scheme, rewarding the employee per work done rather than his or her skill level. Although rightly denounced by individual laborers and labor groups for trying to alienate them (indirectly but substantially) and treating them as mindless, emotionless, and easily replicable factors of production, Taylorism was a critical factor in the unprecedented growth of US manufacturing output that catapulted Allied victory in Second World War, and the subsequent US domination in the industrial world. The said management practice and industrial protocol has also been tremendously emulated in some other parts of the industrialized world, thus changing the face of work and the entire landscape of the industrial sector (Tickell and Peck 358). A Fresh Perspective: Fordism The criticism against Taylorism based on the grounds that it dehumanises the workforce by treating the members as machines and by looking at them as ‘

Friday, November 15, 2019

Homeostasis in Human

Homeostasis in Human Have you ever seen animals like crocodiles crawl their way up to the land and stay under the hot sun for a particular period of time? Well, when it comes to sun-bathing, not only humans, crocodiles enjoy it as well. However, reptiles like them do so solely because they need to. This behavioural response towards the surrounding temperature is essential as a mean of thermoregulation. Unlike crocodiles, we, humans, rely less on behavior and more on our physiological processes. Imagine that our body temperature soars every time we take a hot shower or drink a freshly brewed cup of coffee. Managing the state of internal environment is a principal challenge for the human body. The maintaining of internal environment of the body between limits is denoted as homeostasis, and body temperature is just one example of the many parameters which are controlled by homeostasis. Figure 1 An indication that homeostasis aims to provide a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Source; http://t3.gstatic.com) It is not an easy physiological process when it comes to maintaining homeostasis. As much as a unicellular organism needs to be able to take in oxygen and nutrients as well as to excrete waste products, multicellular organisms like humans also need to able to do those things. The mechanisms of homeostasis are complex enough to provide each cell with all that it needs. The integration of most of the systems in the human body leads to this particular purpose homeostasis. A continuous bloodflow of nutrients must be adequately supplied. Vital organs such as the brain, kidney and heart need to have their activity monitored. The internal environment must always be in a relatively constant state, where the rate of exchange of cellular materials is done in such a manner that a dynamic equilibrium is considered. Describing Homeostasis There are many possible ways if we are to describe homeostasis. A good, simple one will probably be by using an analogy. Think of homeostasis as a scenario of someone walking up a descending escalator. When observing the person, he may seem to appear standing still if his speed when he walks up the escalator is the same as the speed of the escalator moving down. This is the case where an equilibrium is reached. Walking up faster than the escalator going down, the person will move up gradually. However, if he walks slower than the escalator, the result is going to be vice versa. In both cases, there is no equilibrium. It is only when the persons velocity of moving up is altered such that it is the exact opposite of the escalator moving down that equilibrium is restored. From this analogy, it is clear that homeostatic regulatory mechanism follows a particular pattern by which if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease. In contrast, whenever the regulat ed variable decreases, the system reacts to make it increase. This manner of operation is referred to as the negative feedback mechanism. Figure 2 Negative feedback leads to a tight control situation whereby the corrective action taken by the controller forces the controlled variable toward the set point, thus leading the system to oscillate around equilibrium. (Source; http://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/Feedback_control) Generally, in any feedback system, the level of a product feeds back to control the rate of its own production. A negative feedback mechanism works in a way that a change in levels always causes the opposite change, driving to a stabilizing effect. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are both involved in monitoring the levels of variables. Small fluctuations above and below the set point will not usually result in a response. It is when the level rises significantly above or below the set point that it is altered by negative feedback accordingly. A homeostatic regulatory mechanism detects the regulated variables via the sensors. Sensors are basically cells which are sensitive to their corresponding variable. Certain blood vessels contain cells called chemoreceptors that are sensitive to concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Meanwhile, in the brain and other parts of the body, there are cells that are sensitive to temperature, and these cells are class ified as thermoreceptors. Flow of Information and The Concept of Homeostatic Set Point Sensors relay or transmit input/signals to the integrating center. The integrating center compares the regulated variable to the set point and orchestrates or coordinates the appropriate response. In response to the input it receives, the integrating center relays signals (now called outputs) to the targeted cells, tissues or organs that produce the final response. These cells, tissues or organs are entitled as effectors. The set point and normal ranges for homeostasis can change under various circumstances. One way in which the normal range of homeostasis may change is through acclimatization. This is when humans adjust to changes in the external environment. For instance, at high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is lower than at sea level. Hemoglobin may not become fully saturated with oxygen as it passes through the lungs. As a result, body tissues may not have adequate supply of oxygen. Acclimatization will then occur when the body gradually ascends towar ds higher altitude, whereby extra erythrocytes are produced. Muscles produce more myoglobin and develop a denser capillary network. Thermoregulation As mentioned in the introductory paragraph, temperature is one of the variables of homeostasis. The process in which the internal temperature is regulated within tolerable range is named as thermoregulation. Where there is a change in temperature, there must be a change of heat provided. Basically, there are two sources of heat internal and external environments. Organisms that are categorized under ectotherms get their heat source externally. These ectotherms include mostly amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates. Meanwhile, birds and mammals are mainly endothermic. Their internal metabolism provides the main source of heat. Many insects together with just a few nanovian reptiles as well as some fishes are endotherms. It is crucial to acknowledge the fact that endothermy and ectothermy are not mutually exclusive to one another. A bird is, for instance, is mainly endothermic, but it may warm itself in the sun on a cold morning, much as an ectothermic lizard does. (Urry, Cain, Wasserm an, Minorsky and Jackson, 2010). Being mainly endotherms, human beings need to be able to regulate the internal body temperature without relying or depending on the external environment. The hypothalamus of the brain keeps an eye on the blood temperature and compares it with a set point, usually close to 370C. If the blood temperature is higher than the tolerated level, skin arterioles become wider, increasing bloodflow through skin. This blood transfers heat from the body core, raising the temperature of skin. Since the skin is the outermost organ, heat is lost from skin to the environment. The higher the temperature of the skin, the more heat is lost. Meanwhile, sweat glands secrete large amounts of sweat making the surface of the skin damp. Water that evaporates from the damp skin will bring with it the heat. Overall effect is that the body temperature lowers down, until it reaches the set point again. In contrast, when the body temperature decreases below the set point, skin arterioles become narrower so that le ss blood reaches the skin. Skeletal muscles do many small, rapid contractions to generate heat. This is called shivering. Sweat glands will stop secreting sweat and the skin remains dry. Blood Glucose Concentration The level of blood glucose in the blood is also one of the variables of homeostasis. Cells in the pancreas monitor the concentration and send hormone messages to targeted areas the liver and muscle cells when the level is low or high. In the case of a high blood glucose concentration, the ÃŽÂ ²-cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen. Granules of glycogen are stored in the cytoplasm of these cells. Other cells are stimulated to absorb glucose and use it in cell respiration instead of fat. These processes lower the blood glucose level. On the other hand, when the level of blood glucose declines way below the set point, the ÃŽÂ ±-cells in the pancreatic islets produce glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the hepatocytes to break down glycogen down into glucose and release the glucose into the blood. This raises the blood glucose level. Figure 3 The control of blood glucose (Source http://www.get-discount-medical-supplies.com/images/blood-glucose-level.jpg) When the regulation of blood glucose level is not effective, the concentration can rise or fall beyond normal limits. This is referred to as diabetes mellitus. There are two forms of this condition. The table below provides a comparison between the two. Type 1 Type 2 The beginning is usually during childhood. ÃŽÂ ±-cells produce insufficient insulin. Insulin injections are used to control glucose levels. Diet cannot by itself control the condition. The onset is usually after childhood. Target cells become insensitive to insulin. Insulin injections are not usually needed. Low carbohydrate diets usually control the condition. Table 1 The differences between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes (Source; Andrew Allot, 2007) Comparison Between Endocrine and Nervous Systems From the facts given above, it is shown that both endocrine system and nervous system have their roles in homeostasis. Even though both systems work together to achieve similar function, there are actually significance points of differences between the two. They both have distinct processes from each other. In the nervous system, nerves secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. On the other hand, the chemicals secreted by endocrine system are hormones. While both regulate homeostasis, responses in nervous system are rapid and of short duration. In contrast, endocrine responses are slow but of long duration. On top of that, nerve impulses are transmitted via neurons whereas hormones are carried away in the bloodstream. One of the similarities between the two systems is that both involve regulated exocytosis. This ATP-dependent process happens during the secretion of neurotransmitters for the nervous system and hormones for the endocrine system. The nervous system utilizes bioelectrical transmission. The depolarization of the nerve cell when an impulse is sent from the dendrites to the axons brings about an action potential on the membranes of neurons. The result is that a neuron is able to send information to the targeted cells in a very fast period. Theoretically, as long as there are neurons along the pathway, the signal will pass through without cease. This means that the process will carry on forever, given that synaptic cells are involved along the way. Meanwhile, the endocrine system utilizes endocrine glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are very specific type of proteins which are sent to targeted cells. Since the pathway is bloodstream, the process takes a longer period. Figure 5 shows the pathway of the hormones secreted by the endocrine gland cells, ending with the chemical messengers binding to the plasma membrane receptors on the target cells. However, if the hormone is steroid, they may pass through and bind to the receptor proteins in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. (Source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/physiology/endocrinesystem/Hormones/hormone_2.gif) Figure 4 shows the neurotransmitters being secreted from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane. Specific channel proteins on the post-synaptic neuron or the targeted cell must be there to allow chemicals to pass through. (Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/neurotransmitter.jpg) Conclusion Homeostasis is of utmost importance for the cells of the body to function really well. This explains the complexity of the systems that work out homeostasis. When the cells are able to meet their physiological needs, the organism will stay healthy. When homeostasis is not there to keep the internal environment stable, the organism is vulnerable to diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes. These diseases relate to the degrading mechanisms of negative feedback and positive feedback as one gets older. (http://www.123helpme.com)

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Retail and the Media :: essays research papers

Retail and the Media Today's media focuses more on a corporations mistakes and less on what the companies give back to the community, making it impossible for the public to see the truth. In every large corporation, there is going to be a fair share of so called ‘scandals’. Unfortunately, the media preys on these scandals to bring us, the public, juicy gossip to get through the day. In my opinion, most of the scandals brought to the public’s attention have no bearing on the products and services a company brings to the consumer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low Pay rates One of the many topics retailers are hit for is low pay rates. A survey done in 2003, showed the average pay rate for workers in retail to be $6.49. Unfortunately what the media leaves out is â€Å"the relatively low pay of sales workers is strongly influenced by the large numbers employed in the retail trade industry† (Buckley, 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9). It does not take a lot to run a register, stock a shelf, zone a side counter or unload a truck. You get paid for the job you do. Although the pay rate for a sales worker is low compared to the wage in other areas of interest, most retailers offer other benefits. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the following: 401k plans with company contributions; health care; stock purchase plans with company contributions; critical need funds for employees who come upon hard times; and some companies even offer college scholarships to employees and their families. Now as you move up in a company, your pay increases with the position. In the same survey done for the average wage of the sales worker, it shows the average rate for a manager is $33.26 (Buckley, 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2). This tends to be something that is overlooked in the media. You can compare it to starting out in an office as a mail clerk. Sure, you work for a big corporation in a big building on Wall Street, but you still are not making the bank. But as you work your way up, your pay rate reflects it. In any job, you have to start out on the bottom and work your way up to career status. Here is an example of a mother who stuck with her low paying job and in the end got the pay off: